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Grafting also known as graftage, is a horticultural technique whereby tissues of plants are joined together so that they continue their growth together. The upper part of the combined plant is called the ‘scion’while the lower part is called the ‘rootstock’.
The grafting technique is most commonly used in asexual propagation of commercially grown plants for the horticultural and agricultural Business.
In most cases, one plant is selected for its roots and this is called the stock or rootstock. The other plant is selected for its stems, leaves, flowers, or fruits and is called the scion or cion. The scion contains the desired genes to be duplicated in future production by the stock/scion plant.
Before Proceed Consider these few scenarios:
For generations farmers, botanists, and home gardeners have been using plant biology to make these ideas into reality through a technique called Grafting – which is today’s topic.
The Concept of Grafting:
Firstly, You need to know a few parts of the plant. We are familiar with the outer layer of plants – in trees, we know this as bark. However, there is a much more interesting layer of tissue just beneath that bark layer, known as the cambium.
This layer, that’s cambium, is undifferentiated, meaning that the tissue in it doesn’t have any particular job yet – it’s just waiting to be told what to do. This means that it can turn into anything the plant needs: more bark, new vascular tissue, new branches, even some roots. Grafting takes advantage of this undifferentiated tissue layer by exposing it and giving it an idea of what to do. The Vascular Tissues refer to Xylem and Phloem – the Water and Food tubes of a plant. We will not go into details of these now.
Coming to Another Scenario:
One common example of grafting is used in Avocado or The Butter Fruit Plant. I have this plant with me, you can see this plant. Infact, this was grown from a seed.
If you’ve ever tried to grow an avocado tree from an avocado seed, you know that the resulting tree isn’t very strong. This is because the avocado trees that produce the best fruit don’t have the best support system. They put all of their energy into producing tasty fruit part, so they don’t have a lot of energy left over for things like strong roots, or good defenses. This is why avocados are so expensive.
There’s a certain breed of avocado that produces a really strong tree, but not very good fruit. The tree can live in many different kinds of soil, and the roots defend themselves from diseases, but no one wanted to grow this tree because the avocados were not very tasty. Thanks to grafting, it is now common practice to take the scion from one tree and graft it onto the rootstock of the other, producing a new tree with strong roots and delicious fruit. WOW! What an Idea? All this thanks to grafting!
Grafting is a pretty easy thing to accomplish. There are several types of grafting that you can choose from, depending on what you want to accomplish.
In approach grafting, two fully formed plants are attached together at their stems, leaving the leaves above and the roots below intact without completely cutting anything on both plants. A small part on the side of each stem is stripped of bark, and the newly exposed tissue is pressed together. The stems are tied together to allow time for the tissue to heal over, kind of like forming a scab over a cut or wound in medical practice. Well, This plant ‘scab’ will bind the two stems together permanently.
T budding is a technique in which the scion is reduced to a single bud instead of a whole branch. The bud is removed from its original plant along with a small portion of bark and underlying tissue. It is then nestled into a cut made into the rootstock’s stem, and tied in place. After the graft has healed over, the stem of the rootstock above the newly grafted bud is removed, and the bud will grow.
Cleft grafting is one of the most common techniques, and yields strong grafts. In this type of graft, the rootstock is often larger than the scion. A split or cleft is made in the rootstock, which is wedged open.
The scion is stripped of its bark at one end, and the stripped end is sliced into a sharp angle. This angled scion is then placed into the rootstock cleft and bound up until the graft heals. It is possible to graft more than one scion to a single rootstock in this manner, and is the preferred method for grafting fruit trees.
There are many other specialized techniques for grafting, but the basic method is the same: expose the cambium and encourage it to form new vascular tissue. The more cambium exposed, the stronger the graft, and the more likely your new plant parts will live.
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Well, there s lot more about Grafting. We will not go into the depth. Also Watch this Video Below to understand better.
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